Tobacco companies won't be paying the
$206 billion agreed to in the settlement with the states' attorneys general. Corporations
never pay taxes, they just collect them. The money is going to come from smokers, which is
another way of saying it is going to come from the poor.
"Smokers have low incomes,"
writes Robert J. Samuelson, Newsweek's stellar economics columnist. "Only 20 percent
of cigarette taxes are paid by those with incomes over $50,000; 34 percent are paid by
those with incomes under $20,000 and 19 percent by those with incomes between $20,000 and
$30,000."
The tobacco settlement, in Samuelson's
apt phrase, is a "reverse Robin Hood arrangement: It sanctifies soak-the-poor taxes
and robs the poor to pay the rich." Already cigarette makers have announced a price
hike of nearly 50 cents per pack; in some states it will be more. By early 1999,
California smokers will be paying an extra dollar for every pack of cigarettes.
Antismoking crusaders, who are often wealthy and politically well-connected, typically
demonize tobacco companies. But it isn't the tobacco industry that will feel the lash of
this settlement. It is ordinary smokers, most of whom are working class stiffs with no
connections and not much money.
The $206 billion is supposed to
"settle" the states' claim for reimbursement for providing medical care to
smokers who get sick. This was always a bogus claim, for several reasons.
First, most smokers have medical
insurance, and thus do not burden the public treasury at all.
Second, smokers already repay - through
heavy cigarette taxes -- the costs they impose on society. Actually, "repay" is
the wrong word; smokers prepay for years before any tobacco-related costs materialize. In
1998, federal and state tobacco taxes will total $15 billion.
Third, smokers are less likely than
other groups to draw old-age benefits such as Medicare and Social Security. Studies have
repeatedly shown that the slightly shorter lifespan of smokers results in a net savings to
the public. In 1994, the National Bureau of Economic Research estimated that savings at a
minimum of 23 cents per pack.
And fourth, because no rule of law
supports the notion that if a product harms a consumer, the manufacturer owes money to the
state. In creating Medicare and Medicaid, the government chose to subsidize health care
for eligible individuals regardless of how their medical needs came about. The government
could have refused to pay for the care of smokers. But having chosen not to exclude
tobacco-related diseases, it has no right then to demand compensation from tobacco
companies. This settlement sets a dangerous precedent. If cigarette makers are liable to
the government for smokers' illnesses, why shouldn't ski operators be liable to the
government for broken legs? Or distillers for cirrhosis of the liver?
By settling the lawsuits, the tobacco
companies in essence waived each of these points. In deciding how to spend the money that
will come pouring in, the states should do the same, that is, they should take the
arguments made by the antitobacco activists at face value and follow them to their logical
conclusion.
Assume, therefore, that smoking does
impose a net cost on the public. Assume that the taxpayers have been underwriting that
cost all these years through Medicare and Medicaid. Assume that the attorneys general were
justified in suing the tobacco companies on the taxpayers' behalf to recoup that cost.
Now they have recovered $206 billion,
restitution for all the costs taxpayers were forced to bear. Who should get that money?
Obviously, the taxpayers.
In New York, Senator-elect Charles
Schumer proposes using settlement proceeds to reduce property taxes statewide. In
Massachusetts, state Senator Robert Hedlund has introduced a bill to rebate the money to
the public by widening the personal exemption on the income tax. Schumer is an ardent
liberal; Hedlund is a staunch conservative. Clearly, turning the tobacco windfall back to
the taxpayers is a matter not of ideology but of honesty.
But honesty has never been the strong
suit of the antitobacco zealots. Frequently they are hypocritical, driven by deeply
selfish motives: lucrative fees for the lawyers, popularity for the politicians, and power
for the public-health bureaucrats.
No surprise, then, that the
tobacco-haters have been quick to squelch any talk of returning the tobacco money to the
public.
"We never had any doubts there
would be a feeding frenzy," says the spokesman for the Commonwealth's outgoing
attorney general, Scott Harshbarger. Greg Connolly, head of the state's tobacco control
program, warns of legislators treating the windfall as "found money," predicting
dismissively: "Someone will be in there saying, 'Look, now you can cut the income tax
down to 5 percent.'"
But the equities here are clear. State
programs to combat smoking are awash with money, frequently from steep tobacco taxes.
Government budgets in general are embarrassingly flush. In Massachusetts, spending races
far ahead of inflation, yet so much revenue is pouring in that the state has run
back-to-back billion-dollar surpluses. Meanwhile, the tax burden on average citizens
presses down more heavily than ever. If the tobacco money belongs to anybody, it belongs
to the taxpayers. Doubt the good faith of politicians who claim otherwise.