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CLT UPDATE
Tuesday, September 25, 2018

Lies and Hypocrisies


The Local Government Advisory Commission heard from state and local officials at a hearing last week. The topic was how the state should spend its estimated $1 billion fiscal 2018 surplus. The 40-member commission was formed to be an independent advocate for the interests of local city and town governments in their relationship with state and federal governments. Under current law, approximately half of the surplus is required to go into the state’s reserve fund. The rest is up for grabs.

Gov. Charlie Baker’s Administration and Finance Secretary Mike Heffernan assured the commission that the administration is on top of the issue. “We’re engaged at both the staff and leadership level ... especially now that we got through the primaries,” Heffernan told the commission....

“The surplus our state government is experiencing should be returned to the taxpayers in the form of a tax rebate,” said Paul Craney, Executive Director of the Mass Fiscal Alliance. “It is their money.”

Beacon Hill Roll Call
Friday, September 14, 2018
How To Spend A $1 Billion Surplus


Massachusetts residents are going to hear a lot of promises this election season from incumbents taking note of -- and trying to take credit for -- the state's relatively healthy economy. We will also hear from challengers saying more of that windfall needs to be spent on government programs.

When going to the polls, however, voters would do well to remember the lessons of the Great Recession of a decade ago, and ask candidates what they are doing to prepare for the next, inevitable economic downturn.

The answers should be interesting, as financial analysts worry the state hasn't done enough.

According to a report released this week by S&P Global Ratings, Massachusetts is at "elevated risk" of financial distress during a future recession. In fact, the report said, the Bay State is one of 15 states that are "poorly situated" to handle a downturn.

"Widening federal budget deficits and a still-low federal funds rate imply that the economic and fiscal brunt of the next recession is likely to fall more squarely on the states," the analysts said in their report. Places such as Massachusetts, they said, "could be challenged like never before."

A Salem News editorial
Friday, September 20, 2018
Sobering news on the horizon


It seems a reasonable assumption that Massachusetts politicians would be eager to spend more than $1 billion that — in a manner of speaking — is just lying around on Beacon Hill.

Yet nearly three months after the state's previous fiscal year ended with a sizeable revenue surplus, the Democratic-controlled Legislature has yet to act on a plan for how to use that unanticipated cash and close the books on fiscal year 2018.

Republican Gov. Charlie Baker filed a plan with lawmakers in July which includes spending about $150 million of the surplus to enhance school safety and other education initiatives.

The Legislature ended formal sessions for the year without acting on the measure. While lawmakers continue to meet informally, only routine or uncontested bills typically advance during informal sessions.

Associated Press
Saturday, September 22, 2018
Massachusetts has a $1B surplus; why no hurry to spend it?


Under pressure to deliver new revenues for promised education and transportation investments, Democratic gubernatorial candidate Jay Gonzalez on Tuesday will offer a 1.6 percent tax on certain private higher education endowments, a proposal he estimates would generate $1 billion.

Gonzalez plans to travel to Cambridge, where Harvard University and its $36 billion endowment is based, to formally offer his plan outside an MBTA station that serves the campus and city. Gov. Charlie Baker, his Republican opponent, has jabbed at Democrats this year with warnings that they would raise taxes while he would not, although Baker never took a pro or con position on an income surtax on the wealthy, or households with annual incomes above $1 million.

State House News Service
Wednesday, September 19, 2018
Gonzales $1 Bil university endowment tax would fund education, transportation


Gonzalez and his running mate Quentin Palfrey stepped off the Red Line and up to a podium Wednesday morning to propose, within shouting distance of Harvard Yard, that universities sitting on gargantuan nest eggs should be ponying up.

Harvard, and its $36 billion endowment, fell squarely into that category.

Gonzalez called for endowments in excess of $1 billion held by institutions of higher education to be taxed 1.6 percent on the total value of the endowment. That, he said, would hit nine schools and generate close to $1 billion in new tax revenue that could be used to make child-care and pre-school affordable, to make public higher education affordable and to make reliable public transit affordable.

The tax plan eased the growing pressure on Gonzalez to offer an alternative tax plan that has been mounting ever since the Supreme Judicial Court knocked the "millionaires tax" off the ballot. But there was catch.

Even though progressives like state Sen. Jamie Eldridge have been pushing this concept for years, another well-known, and less popular political figure had also embraced the idea of targeting elite private colleges for tax dollars.

"I start with the proposition that when President Trump proposed this idea, I thought it was a bad idea then, and I still think it's a bad idea," Gov. Charlie Baker said in response to Gonzalez's plan.

State House News Service
Friday, September 21, 2018
Weekly Roundup – Turnaround Is Fair Play


When the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court shot down the “millionaires tax” a few months ago, Democratic candidate for governor Jay Gonzalez promised on Herald Radio that “I will propose another progressive way to ask those who are doing very well in this state to pay a little bit more to make some of these critical investments we need to make” in education and transportation.

Gonzalez has delivered on that promise with a proposal that would target massive college endowments....

The proposal could not have been an easy one for Gonzalez to choose because it looks a lot like the GOP’s endowment tax that was included in the Trump tax cut bill, only it’s worse: Trump’s tax of 1.4 percent was aimed at the earnings on the endowments’ investments while Gonzalez’s proposal directly targets the endowment in its entirety. It would result in the transfer of nearly $1.1 billion a year of private college endowments into the coffers of the commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Sens. Liz Warren, Ed Markey and Gov. Charlie Baker all panned the GOP plan, which would inflict far less pain on colleges, so Gonzalez is largely flying solo on this one. “I start with the proposition that when President Trump proposed this idea, I thought it was a bad idea then, and I still think it’s a bad idea,” Gov. Baker said. The fact is that Massachusetts has a spending problem and not a taxing problem, and in a world in which Jay Gonzalez is governor, that problem would balloon in size with his new investment initiatives....

Now that we’re in the general election, Jay Gonzalez is in the tough position of proposing pathways to pay for primary promises. It won’t be easy and it should not be done irresponsibly or impulsively just because there are few targets left to fleece.

A Boston Herald editorial
Friday, September 21, 2018
Endowment tax a bad idea


The Baker administration will "formally oppose" a proposed federal rule change that would restrict the ability of immigrants to obtain green cards if they receive public benefits including Medicaid or food stamps, a spokesman for the governor said Monday.

The Department of Homeland Security announced the move on Saturday, saying it would ensure individuals seeking to enter and stay in the country "can support themselves financially and will not be reliant on public benefits." ...

"Under long-standing federal law, those seeking to immigrate to the United States must show they can support themselves financially," Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen said in a statement....

Over the weekend, several Massachusetts immigrant and health care advocacy groups condemned the proposed rule, which will be subject to a 60-day public comment period once it is officially published in the Federal Register. Through a spokesman, Gov. Charlie Baker offered criticism on Monday as well.

"The Baker-Polito Administration values the immigrant community's role in making Massachusetts a vibrant and competitive commonwealth and the Administration believes this proposed rule change would result in individuals not accessing basic needs like food assistance or medical care for them or their family," Baker spokesman Brendan Moss said in a statement to the News Service. "The Administration will formally oppose this proposal as the process moves forward.”

State House News Service
Monday, September 24, 2018
Baker opposing Fed rule linking benefits, green card access


Chip Ford's CLT Commentary

Another day in Massachusetts, The People's Republic.  The usual problems reign:  How to spend that billion-plus dollars surplus; how to extract even more to squander, and; in the name of "compassion," promoting unfettered handouts for more immigrants "seeking a better life" and finding it here, on the taxpayers' dime.

"Widening federal budget deficits and a still-low federal funds rate imply that the economic and fiscal brunt of the next recession is likely to fall more squarely on the states," the analysts said in their report. Places such as Massachusetts, they said, "could be challenged like never before."

So Beacon Hill does what Beacon Hill has always done:  Defer maintaining roads and bridges until they deteriorate and fail then declare a "transportation crisis"; squander taxpayer resources in the name of compassion; create more unsustainable programs, and; spend more, more, always more.  When the inevitable next recession arrives they'll simply declare another "fiscal crisis" and impose another "emergency, temporary" tax hike on everyone.

Three decades later we're still paying the last one from 1989 that was promised to be "only for 18-months," and 1990, when the Legislature hiked the just-increased income tax from 5.75 to 6.25.  During the 2002 "fiscal crisis" the Legislature froze our and the voters' income tax rollback, and in addition hiked the sales tax by 25% to 6.25 percent.  That was sixteen years ago, and it too is still imposed on us.

Since the 1989 "fiscal crisis" the state budget has grown from $12 Billion annually to $42 Billion this year on average a billion dollars budget spending increase every year.  But a billion dollars more added every year is still not enough spending for them.

They're running out of ideas of what to tax next, so desperate creativity has taken hold even at the expense of blatant hypocrisy.  What Democrat gubernatorial candidate Jay Gonzalvez has proposed will be far more onerous than the Trump/Republican tax reform that Democrats and liberals railed against.  The recent federal tax reform taxed only the interest on university endowment funds.  When Trump and the Republicans did that it was denounced as horrifying and despicable by the Democrat/Socialist left.  But Gonzalez now wants to go even further, tax not just the interest earned on the endowments but the entire amount of the endowment itself.

When Great Depression-era bank robber Willy Sutton was asked by a reporter why he robbed banks, he replied: "Because that's where the money is."  Gonzalves has adopted that page directly from Sutton's play book.

You can't keep track of these lies and hypocrisies without a good scorecard and a long "institutional memory."

Chip Ford
Executive Director


 
Beacon Hill Roll Call
Friday, September 14, 2018

How To Spend A $1 Billion Surplus
By Bob Katzen

The Local Government Advisory Commission heard from state and local officials at a hearing last week. The topic was how the state should spend its estimated $1 billion fiscal 2018 surplus. The 40-member commission was formed to be an independent advocate for the interests of local city and town governments in their relationship with state and federal governments. Under current law, approximately half of the surplus is required to go into the state’s reserve fund. The rest is up for grabs.

Gov. Charlie Baker’s Administration and Finance Secretary Mike Heffernan assured the commission that the administration is on top of the issue. “We’re engaged at both the staff and leadership level ... especially now that we got through the primaries,” Heffernan told the commission.

Baker recently filed a package to use the surplus money for several things including $150 million for K-12 and higher education programs, with $72 million of that amount dedicated to support school safety. The proposal includes training of first responders to better handle threats within schools; $40 million in additional aid to school districts to hire social workers, mental health counselors and psychologists; $20 million in matching state grants for security and communications upgrades in K-12 schools and public colleges and universities; $1 million for school safety training for educators, health officials and first responders; $4 million to provide training to School Resource Officers; $2.4 million to create a tip line to provide public safety and school personnel with timely information on potential risks; $2 million for a statewide “Say Something” campaign; and $500,000 to create a school safety website.

Other provisions include $50 million for cities and towns to fund local road and bridge maintenance and improvement projects; $30 million for municipal clean water projects; $8 million for multi-year municipal police training needs; $5.9 million for tuition and fee reimbursements for National Guard members; and $5 million in transitional housing assistance for hurricane evacuees from Puerto Rico.

“We hope that the administration and municipal leadership will again get behind an effort to secure legislation to make incremental improvements to school budgets by implementing recommendations of the Foundation Budget Review Commission, especially as it includes accurate census of economic disadvantaged children and immigrant students, and addresses retiree health insurance,” said Beverly Hugo, president of the Massachusetts Association of School Committees.

“The surplus our state government is experiencing should be returned to the taxpayers in the form of a tax rebate,” said Paul Craney, Executive Director of the Mass Fiscal Alliance. “It is their money.”
 

The Salem News
Friday, September 20, 2018

A Salem News editorial
Sobering news on the horizon


Massachusetts residents are going to hear a lot of promises this election season from incumbents taking note of -- and trying to take credit for -- the state's relatively healthy economy. We will also hear from challengers saying more of that windfall needs to be spent on government programs.

When going to the polls, however, voters would do well to remember the lessons of the Great Recession of a decade ago, and ask candidates what they are doing to prepare for the next, inevitable economic downturn.

The answers should be interesting, as financial analysts worry the state hasn't done enough.

According to a report released this week by S&P Global Ratings, Massachusetts is at "elevated risk" of financial distress during a future recession. In fact, the report said, the Bay State is one of 15 states that are "poorly situated" to handle a downturn.

"Widening federal budget deficits and a still-low federal funds rate imply that the economic and fiscal brunt of the next recession is likely to fall more squarely on the states," the analysts said in their report. Places such as Massachusetts, they said, "could be challenged like never before."

While lawmakers have made recent contributions to the state's emergency "rainy day" fund, those balances are still to low to weather a long-term recession.

The S&P analysts estimate the state's reserves could cover 62 percent of a revenue shortfall of the first year of a moderate recession, and half the shortfall of a severe recession.

The S&P report makes for sobering reading. Let's hope the myriad of statewide and local candidates take time to read it, and can offer a path for the Bay State to take when the good times come to an end.
 


State House News Service
Wednesday, September 19, 2018

Gonzales $1 Bil university endowment tax would fund education, transportation
By Michael P. Norton


Under pressure to deliver new revenues for promised education and transportation investments, Democratic gubernatorial candidate Jay Gonzalez on Tuesday will offer a 1.6 percent tax on certain private higher education endowments, a proposal he estimates would generate $1 billion.

Gonzalez plans to travel to Cambridge, where Harvard University and its $36 billion endowment is based, to formally offer his plan outside an MBTA station that serves the campus and city. Gov. Charlie Baker, his Republican opponent, has jabbed at Democrats this year with warnings that they would raise taxes while he would not, although Baker never took a pro or con position on an income surtax on the wealthy, or households with annual incomes above $1 million.

Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology would pay $563 million and $210 million, respectively, under the plan, according to the Gonzalez campaign. The campaign pegged Harvard's 2017 endowment at $36 billion and MIT's at $15 billion. Another roughly $200 million would be collected, in the aggregate, from Williams College, Boston College, Amherst College, Wellesley College, Boston University, Smith College and Tufts University.

Democrats who control the Legislature have been eyeing revenue sources for years to pay for improvements to the MBTA and regional transit systems, roads and bridges, and education from pre-school and daycare through higher education. Gonzalez, who backed the now-disqualified millionaire's tax, now has a plan that could produce major funds before lawmakers take another run at passing a redrafted income surtax, which cannot happen until 2022 at the earliest.

The proposed tax on university endowments of more than $1 billion is a perennial proposal on Beacon Hill, an idea that private universities have bottled up by arguing that university systems are an economic engine that fuel jobs and local economies while financing many investments in local communities.

The Gonzalez campaign views the tax as a "fair share" proposal that would draw funds from universities that depend on public transportation systems, receive tax breaks associated with their non-profit status, depend on host communities for municipal services, and recruit students from the Bay State's K-12 system.

Under his plan, the tax would be applied each year to the average annual value of the endowment over the previous five years and the new revenues would be steered into a new Education and Transportation Investment Fund and used only on investments in transportation and education.

An official at the Associated of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts (AICUM), a trade group that represents private universities, called Gonzalez's proposal "a terrible idea."

"Our colleges and universities are clear drivers of the Massachusetts economy. Undercutting their ability to attract talent, to provide financial aid for students across the state, and to conduct breakthrough research is simply irresponsible," AICUM President Richard Doherty said in a statement Tuesday. "This was a bad idea when Republicans in Washington proposed it, and it is an even worse idea now."

During a May 2017 legislative hearing on a proposed endowment tax bill, Rob McCarron, vice president for state relations and general counsel at AICUM, said the proposed tax violates the equal protection clause of the constitution and does not meet "proportional and reasonable" standards for taxation since it would affect only nine, mostly larger colleges in Massachusetts. McCarron said endowment revenues are also often limited to specific uses.

The Massachusetts Nonprofit Network on Tuesday declared its opposition to the tax. "It's a bad idea - for Massachusetts, and for everyone served by nonprofits in Massachusetts," Jim Klocke, CEO of the nonprofit network, said in a statement.

The group said non-profits provide 550,000 Massachusetts jobs and deliver scholarships to students as well as free and subsidized health care and environmental, artistic, historic and cultural programs.

Cambridge Mayor Marc McGovern will join Gonzalez at the Harvard Square MBTA Station at 11 a.m. to announce the plan....

STORY OF THE WEEK: Millionaires tax? Forget it. How about a billionaires tax?


State House News Service
Friday, September 21, 2018

Weekly Roundup – Turnaround Is Fair Play
By Matt Murphy


For weeks, Jay Gonzalez has been trying to hang Donald Trump around the governor's neck like a weighted tie, four inches too long. This week it was Baker's turn to repay the favor.

Gonzalez and his running mate Quentin Palfrey stepped off the Red Line and up to a podium Wednesday morning to propose, within shouting distance of Harvard Yard, that universities sitting on gargantuan nest eggs should be ponying up.

Harvard, and its $36 billion endowment, fell squarely into that category.

Gonzalez called for endowments in excess of $1 billion held by institutions of higher education to be taxed 1.6 percent on the total value of the endowment. That, he said, would hit nine schools and generate close to $1 billion in new tax revenue that could be used to make child-care and pre-school affordable, to make public higher education affordable and to make reliable public transit affordable.

The tax plan eased the growing pressure on Gonzalez to offer an alternative tax plan that has been mounting ever since the Supreme Judicial Court knocked the "millionaires tax" off the ballot. But there was catch.

Even though progressives like state Sen. Jamie Eldridge have been pushing this concept for years, another well-known, and less popular political figure had also embraced the idea of targeting elite private colleges for tax dollars.

"I start with the proposition that when President Trump proposed this idea, I thought it was a bad idea then, and I still think it's a bad idea," Gov. Charlie Baker said in response to Gonzalez's plan.

Trump and Congressional Republicans included a 1.4 percent tax on endowment gains, not value, as part of their larger tax cut package, which at the time drew vitriol from Democrats like U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren.

When Republicans proposed it, Warren and others said endowments should be used to support research and financial aid, not taxes cuts for the wealthy. This time around, though, Warren and other Democrats gave Gonzalez a tepid pat on the back, celebrating his willingness to start a dialogue about new revenue sources, even if they weren't quite ready to embrace the source.

A new Suffolk University poll out this week found that almost 61 percent of the electorate already views Baker as an anti-Trump Republican, and the endowment tax gave the governor a chance to be more anti-Trump than even Gonzalez.

Gonzalez's camp hopes that the tax pitch will help get his name into the news and begin to shrink his name recognition deficit ahead of the debates. Because in addition to his cash advantage and the financial support rolling in from super PACs and the Republican Governors Association, Baker led Gonzalez 55 percent to 28 percent in the Suffolk poll.


The Boston Herald
Friday, September 21, 2018

A Boston Herald editorial
Endowment tax a bad idea


When the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court shot down the “millionaires tax” a few months ago, Democratic candidate for governor Jay Gonzalez promised on Herald Radio that “I will propose another progressive way to ask those who are doing very well in this state to pay a little bit more to make some of these critical investments we need to make” in education and transportation.

Gonzalez has delivered on that promise with a proposal that would target massive college endowments. The plan — a 1.6 percent annual tax on endowments holding more than $1 billion — would hit nine schools in Massachusetts: Amherst College, Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Smith College, Tufts University, Wellesley College and Williams College. Led by Harvard’s behemoth $37.1 billion endowment, the handful of schools together hold about $68 billion in the bank. Not surprisingly, the plan has been panned by many in the university community. “Taxing endowments is bad for students, bad for our economy, and bad for Massachusetts,” Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts president Richard Doherty said in a statement, adding the schools award $608 million in financial aid to state students and spend more than $9 million in salaries each year.

The proposal could not have been an easy one for Gonzalez to choose because it looks a lot like the GOP’s endowment tax that was included in the Trump tax cut bill, only it’s worse: Trump’s tax of 1.4 percent was aimed at the earnings on the endowments’ investments while Gonzalez’s proposal directly targets the endowment in its entirety. It would result in the transfer of nearly $1.1 billion a year of private college endowments into the coffers of the commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Sens. Liz Warren, Ed Markey and Gov. Charlie Baker all panned the GOP plan, which would inflict far less pain on colleges, so Gonzalez is largely flying solo on this one. “I start with the proposition that when President Trump proposed this idea, I thought it was a bad idea then, and I still think it’s a bad idea,” Gov. Baker said. The fact is that Massachusetts has a spending problem and not a taxing problem, and in a world in which Jay Gonzalez is governor, that problem would balloon in size with his new investment initiatives.

“These nonprofit institutions have accumulated enormous wealth in part thanks to the fact that they are not subject to taxation,” Gonzalez said. He is right about that and there is a conversation to be had there, but to raid an investment center like an endowment, which is cultivated largely by the private donations of alumni, is not the way to go. Not only will it be destabilizing, but it will incentivize alternative forms of investment for contributors, away from the greedy hands of the state. Now that we’re in the general election, Jay Gonzalez is in the tough position of proposing pathways to pay for primary promises. It won’t be easy and it should not be done irresponsibly or impulsively just because there are few targets left to fleece.


State House News Service
Monday, September 24, 2018

Baker opposing Fed rule linking benefits, green card access
By Katie Lannan


The Baker administration will "formally oppose" a proposed federal rule change that would restrict the ability of immigrants to obtain green cards if they receive public benefits including Medicaid or food stamps, a spokesman for the governor said Monday.

The Department of Homeland Security announced the move on Saturday, saying it would ensure individuals seeking to enter and stay in the country "can support themselves financially and will not be reliant on public benefits."

The proposal would expand the definition of "public charge," a person who can be denied a green card because they are dependent on government benefits, to cover recipients of the supplemental nutrition assistance program, Section 8 housing choice vouchers and project-based rental assistance, public housing, "institutionalization for long-term care at government expense," Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy, and Medicaid, with limited exceptions for emergency medical conditions and certain disability services related to education.

"Under long-standing federal law, those seeking to immigrate to the United States must show they can support themselves financially," Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen said in a statement. "The Department takes seriously its responsibility to be transparent in its rulemaking and is welcoming public comment on the proposed rule. This proposed rule will implement a law passed by Congress intended to promote immigrant self-sufficiency and protect finite resources by ensuring that they are not likely to become burdens on American taxpayers."

Over the weekend, several Massachusetts immigrant and health care advocacy groups condemned the proposed rule, which will be subject to a 60-day public comment period once it is officially published in the Federal Register. Through a spokesman, Gov. Charlie Baker offered criticism on Monday as well.

"The Baker-Polito Administration values the immigrant community's role in making Massachusetts a vibrant and competitive commonwealth and the Administration believes this proposed rule change would result in individuals not accessing basic needs like food assistance or medical care for them or their family," Baker spokesman Brendan Moss said in a statement to the News Service. "The Administration will formally oppose this proposal as the process moves forward.”

Joined together as part of the national Protecting Immigrant Families campaign, the groups Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition (MIRA), Health Care for All and Health Law Advocates said they would fight against the change and work to raise awareness of it.

The groups said the new policy would make it easier to deny permanent residency to anyone earning less than 250 percent of the federal poverty limit, or $62,750 for a family of four.

MIRA executive director Eva Millona called the idea "a toxic blend of nativism and class warfare."

"It is overtly discriminatory, and we will fight vigorously to ensure that the proposed rule is never adopted," she said.

Iván Espinoza-Madrigal of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice said the proposal "is unconstitutional because the federal government is using public assistance as a proxy for race" and creates an "unprecedented financial litmus test to qualify for immigration protection and relief."

Espinoza-Madrigal -- whose organization has sued the Trump administration over immigration arrests at courthouses, the proposed defunding of so-called sanctuary cities, and the termination of temporary protected status for nationals of Haiti, El Salvador and Honduras -- said there are already federal laws in place to screen for immigrants likely to become a public charge.

"The proposed policy change is already producing a profound chilling effect. Families are scared," he said in a statement. "They are foregoing life-saving services to qualify for immigration protection and relief. It is cruel to make a family choose between putting food on the table or getting a green card. It is inhumane to make a family choose between staying healthy or securing immigration protection."

The public charge inadmissibility provision does not apply to asylees or refugees. The Department of Homeland Security said disaster relief, emergency medical assistance, benefits received by an immigrant's U.S. citizen's children, or benefits received by immigrants serving in the U.S. military and their spouses and children would not be considered for purposes of determining inadmissibility.

 

NOTE: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107, this material is distributed without profit or payment to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving this information for non-profit research and educational purposes only. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml


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