Suffolk. May 7, 1999. - July 16, 1999.
Present: Wilkins, C.J., Abrams, Lynch, Greaney, Fried, Marshall, & Ireland, JJ.
Civil action commenced in the Supreme Judicial Court for the county of Suffolk on January
6, 1999.
The case was reported by Marshall, J.
Michael C. Gilleran for the plaintiffs.
Peter Sacks, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendant.
Sandra C. Quinn for Massachusetts Teachers Association, amicus curiae.
Steven S. Epstein for Citizens for Limited Taxation, amicus
curiae, submitted a brief.
Philip B. Benjamin for Common Cause Massachusetts, amicus curiae, submitted a brief.
ABRAMS, J. At issue is whether we should change the bright-line rule announced in Hurst v.
State Ballot Law Comm'n, 427 Mass. 825, 830 (1998). The holding in Hurst requires
invalidation of voter signatures on initiative petition forms which are not exact copies
or which bear marks or alterations. The plaintiffs, the first ten signers of an initiative
petition, sought relief from a single justice of this court pursuant to G. L. c. 56, ' 59,
after the Secretary of the Commonwealth (Secretary) determined that a number of petition
forms were invalid under the rule announced in Hurst. The plaintiffs sought a preliminary
injunction requiring the Secretary to transmit the petition to the House of
Representatives, to which the Secretary consented. The single justice entered the
preliminary injunction and reported the case to this court.[2] We
conclude that the Secretary properly excluded the petition forms and we should adhere to
the rule announced in Hurst.
In August, 1998, the plaintiffs filed with the Attorney General an initiative petition.[3] The Secretary released petition forms to the plaintiffs. The
plaintiffs filed forms bearing 58,932 certified signatures. In December, 1998, the
Secretary, relying on Hurst, disallowed 3,507 of the signatures because they were on forms
which were not exact copies or which contained extraneous markings. Thus, the plaintiffs
fell short of the 57,100 signatures needed for the Secretary to forward the petition to
the Clerk of the House of Representatives.
The parties stipulated to a chart showing twenty-eight categories of disqualifying
imperfections and the number of signatures disallowed under each category.[4]
See note 7, infra. The parties also submitted a sample of each imperfection.
The exact copy requirement. Before addressing the issues, it is helpful to review briefly
our holding in Hurst. In that case, the petition circulators gathered signatures on forms
containing (1) a preprinted box with the proponents' organization name and address, (2) a
hand stamp with the same information, and (3) highlighting of information in the summary
section of the form. We read G. L. c. 53, ' 22A[5] (exact copy
statute), and art. 48[6] to protect the public from being misled and to
"provide a means for the creation of a neutral form free from advocacy by those for
or against the referendum. Like ballot forms and the voting booth, petition forms are thus
protected as space free from the tumult and bias of political sloganeering." Hurst,
supra at 828. We noted that "exact copies" of petition forms could be made by
petition proponents. However, we said that additions and alterations by persons other than
the Secretary "invade[] the small but vital area of neutrality that the Constitution
and G. L. c. 53, ' 22A, demand." Id. at 830. We concluded that "[s]orting
permissible and impermissible additions on a case by case basis would almost certainly
prove an impossible task, and one requiring untestable assumptions about the public's
perception of the added information." Id. "We therefore [held] that no
alterations -- additions or deletions -- of any sort may be made in forms provided by the
Secretary under art. 48 and ' 22A." Id.
The plaintiffs ground their request to alter the rule in Hurst in the First Amendment to
the United States Constitution.[7] The plaintiffs call the right to
propound and sign initiative petitions a fundamental right. They assert that the
disqualification of signatures is a severe burden on that right that can only be justified
by a compelling State interest and a narrowly tailored restriction.[8]
According to the plaintiffs, the justification for requiring pristine petitions in Hurst
was the administrative convenience of not sorting through petitions to search for advocacy
or misleading alterations. They contend that this rationale is insufficient to justify the
severe burden on their rights. The plaintiffs also argue that the purpose of art. 48 is to
support the initiative process and that we should not contravene that purpose, absent a
compelling interest, by applying overly technical rules. The plaintiffs argue that the
imperfections on the petitions, with the exceptions of the highlighting or underlining of
words in the summary prepared by the Secretary, are not advocacy or misleading, and thus,
those petitions should not be invalidated.[9] The plaintiffs would
include petitions which were copied imperfectly.[10]
The Secretary argues that we should alter the holding of Hurst to qualify some of the
signatures. According to the Secretary, the exact copy statute only regulates alterations
made in the copying process, while art. 48 prohibits alterations that are misleading or
constitute advocacy. In Hurst, he argues, the exact copy statute invalidated those
petitions with preprinted information because those forms were not exact copies of the
ones created by the Secretary. The other forms, containing stamps and underlined or
highlighted summaries, were disqualified because they violated art. 48. Applying that
analysis to this case, the Secretary argues that those markings on forms which misled the
public or served as advocacy should be invalidated under art. 48 and inexact copies should
be invalidated under the statute. However, the remaining marks, which neither misled nor
advocated, should not invalidate petitions. The Secretary believes that a bright-line rule
places too great a burden on the initiative process.[11]
The Legislature has instructed that "exact copies" of petition blanks provided
by the Secretary may be used to gather signatures. Exact copy means exact copy. See Hurst,
supra at 828-830. The statute does not permit any alterations of forms, whether by copying
machine, petition circulator, or petition signer.
We decline the Secretary's invitation to apply a case-by-case review under art. 48 and the
bright-line test under the exact copy statute.[12] Both protect
against misleading the public and advocacy. See Hurst, supra at 828. It would be anomalous
to use a different standard to determine whether an alteration should invalidate a
signature depending on whether that alteration was placed during copying or during
circulation. The alterations have the same potential effect. We think the appropriate test
is whether the copy is an exact copy of the original form provided by the Secretary.[13]
We turn to whether our application of this standard conflicts with the First Amendment. We
conclude that it does not. The United States Supreme Court recently reiterated that
"States allowing ballot initiatives have considerable leeway to protect the integrity
and reliability of the initiative process." Buckley v. American Constitutional Law
Found., Inc., 119 S. Ct. 636, 642 (1999). Noting that petition circulation is "core
political speech," id. at 639, the Court has recognized that "there must be a
substantial regulation of elections if they are to be fair and honest and if some sort of
order, rather than chaos, is to accompany the democratic processes." Id. at 640,
quoting Storer v. Brown, 415 U.S. 724, 730 (1974). See Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428,
433 (1992). There is no "litmus-paper test" which separates valid from invalid
ballot access provisions. Buckley, supra at 642. Not every law which imposes a burden on
the right to vote is subject to strict scrutiny. See Burdick, supra at 432. Rather, we
must weigh the character and magnitude of the asserted injury to the rights protected by
the First Amendment against the State's interests which justify the burden, taking into
consideration the extent the State interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiffs'
rights. See Burdick, supra at 434. When a law imposes a "reasonable,
nondiscriminatory restriction" on the First Amendment rights of voters, the State's
important regulatory interests are generally sufficient to justify the restriction. Id.
We address the injury to and burden on petition proponents. Contrary to the plaintiffs'
contention, the exact copy requirement is not a severe encroachment or a direct restraint
on the right to propound a petition or to have one's signature counted. Rather, the rule
imposes a burden on petition proponents to make exact copies of the original and on
circulators and signers to not "scribble," "doodle," highlight,
underline, or write extraneous information on petitions. It requires signers and
circulators to follow the warning on each petition: "DO NOT ALTER THIS INITIATIVE
PETITION FORM IN ANY WAY. ADDITIONAL MARKINGS ON THIS PETITION WILL DISQUALIFY ANY
SIGNATURES ON THIS PAGE." This burden is not onerous. The restriction does not
discriminate between one signer and another or one initiative and another.[14]
Further, the restriction does not prevent petition circulators from orally advocating for
their cause.
Against these burdens, we weigh the State interests, identified in Hurst, in regulating
the petition process. See ante at . Contrary to the plaintiffs' argument, this is not a
rule of administrative convenience. The regulation of petition forms is premised on the
need to prevent misleading petitions and advocacy. We conclude that the State interests
outweigh the minimal burden on petition proponents.
The plaintiffs' request for relief is denied. This matter is remanded to the county court
for entry of a judgment denying the plaintiffs' request for relief.
So ordered.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Patricia A. Aries, Stephen Wirzburger, Susan Wirzburger, Pauline E.
McDonald, David McDonald, Lydia Ann Nelson, Alfred J. Falconieri, Jane M. Falconieri, and
Bill Owens.
[2] The parties originally filed a joint motion to report a question of
law to the court. However, after a third party's motion to intervene was denied, the full
case was reported.
[3] The Attorney General originally refused to certify the petition,
because he believed that it contained matters excluded from the petition process under
art. 48 of the Amendments to the Constitution of the Commonwealth. Several of the
plaintiffs challenged this action in Federal court. Pursuant to an agreement between the
parties, the Federal court entered an injunction directing the Secretary to release
petition forms and to allow the petition process to proceed.
[4] Where a signature was disqualified under more than one category, the
parties counted the signature more than once. Thus, were we to validate some of the
signatures, we would still have to evaluate each category in order to allow the Secretary
to determine whether the petition could go forward.
[5] General Laws c. 53, ' 22A, states in part: "In no case shall
any blank forms for such . . . referendum petitions be larger than eight and one half
inches by fourteen inches, nor shall anyone be prohibited from making exact copies of such
blanks provided by the Secretary of [S]tate for the purpose of collecting signatures for
such petitions, nor shall any such copies be rejected for certification or submittal to
the secretary of state."
[6] Article 48, The Referendum, III, ' 4, of the Amendments to the
Massachusetts Constitution states, in part: "A referendum petition may ask for the
repeal of an emergency law . . . . Such petition shall first then be signed by ten
qualified voters of the commonwealth, and shall be filed with the Secretary of the
commonwealth . . . . The Secretary of the commonwealth shall provide blanks for the use of
subsequent signers, and shall print at the top of each blank a fair, concise summary of
the proposed law as such summary will appear on the ballot together with the names and
residences of the first ten signers."
[7] In the agreed on classification chart, the parties cite the
following reasons why petitions were disqualified: (1) underlining of text in summary; (2)
highlighting of text in summary; (3) highlighting of the words "City or Town";
(4) highlighting of name of city or town; (5) highlighting of filing deadlines; (6) name
of city or town written above summary which does not call attention to or diminish
legibility of summary; (7) handwritten number above summary which does not call attention
to or diminish legibility of summary; (8) name and telephone number above summary which
does not call attention to or diminish legibility of text; (9) number near first ten
signers' information or Secretary's certification which does not call attention to or
diminish legibility of information or certification; (10) name of city or town near first
ten signers' information or Secretary's certification which does not call attention to or
diminish legibility of information or certification; (11) telephone number at top of
petition; (12) date at top of petition; (13) name and telephone number at top of petition;
(14) name at top of petition; (15) number at top of petition; (16) name of city or town at
top of petition; (17) instruction at top of petition; (18) number and initial at top of
petition; (19) the word "over" at bottom of petition; (20) no place for
registrars to certify petition because of copying error; (21) wrong number of signature
lines on petition because of copying error; (22) two "front" sides because of
copying error; (23) "attention voters" line on top back of petition missing or
legibility of line diminished because of copying error; (24) spotted highlighting which
does not draw attention to or diminish legibility of summary, first ten signers'
information, or Secretary's certification; (25) spotted highlighting which does draw
attention to or diminish legibility of summary, first ten signers' information, or
Secretary's certification; (26) scribbles or doodles which do not draw attention to or
diminish legibility of summary, first ten signers' information, or Secretary's
certification; (27) scribbles or doodles which do draw attention to or diminish legibility
of summary, first ten signers' information, or Secretary's certification; (28) other: a.
"Registrars of Voters" circled in deadline box; b. "street address"
written beside "now registered at"; c. writing at bottom on back; d. miscopied:
missing words in summary, on right side of front; e. name and number at top on back; f.
instructions highlighted; g. back missing because of copying error; h. altered deadline;
i. name of city placed vertically next to signature lines.
The plaintiffs concede that the underlining or highlighting of words in the summary is a
proper reason to exclude a petition.
[8] According to the plaintiffs, there is a risk that a mark made on a
petition after a signature will disqualify the foregoing signature. The plaintiffs call
this "retroactive" disqualification and argue that it is a severe burden,
entitled to strict scrutiny.
[9] The plaintiffs also argue that only misleading marks should
disqualify petitions. According to the plaintiffs, the petition circulation process is
replete with advocacy and there is no justifiable reason to prohibit advocacy on the
petition itself. We disagree. Like voting booths, the petition forms should serve as
"a space free from the tumult and bias of political sloganeering." Hurst v.
State Ballot Law Comm'n, 427 Mass. 825, 828 (1998).
[10] The plaintiffs also suggest that the rule in Hurst may cause
opponents of an initiative to sabotage a petition by sending saboteurs to place extraneous
marks on the form. While we are mindful of that potential, we believe the criminal
penalties for such actions, listed on each petition, are a sufficient deterrent. G. L. c.
56, ' 11.
The plaintiffs also suggest that, under the dictates of Hurst, a petition drive could only
be conducted by professionals or a large organization. There is no record support for that
assertion. Indeed, in the present case, "amateurs" gathered 55,425 valid
signatures.
[11] At oral argument, the Secretary argued that the State Ballot Law
Commission should determine, on objection, if a mark on a petition was improper. If such a
determination were made, then the petition would be presumptively disqualified. However,
if the proponent of the petition could establish that the alteration was made after the
form was signed or that the alteration did not affect the signers, then the signatures
could be saved.
[12] There is a difference between the judgments that would need to be
made in determining whether a mark was advocacy or misleading and other types of judgments
which are in the initiative process under art. 48. While most other judgments are made
once and applied to each and every petition across the board, here, individual judgments
would be required about every alteration. Here, 3,507 signatures were disallowed for 4,253
reasons. Were we to allow petitions based on whether markings or copying errors were
misleading or constituted advocacy, evidentiary hearings would be required on each
alteration to determine whether each signature on each disqualified page were affected.
Similarly, evidentiary hearings would be required to determine when a mark or alteration
was made. Signers could be required to testify at such proceedings. We decline to so
burden citizens who sign petitions.
[13] The Secretary argues that a number of alterations to the forms,
designed to facilitate the circulation of the petition, should be allowed. These
alterations include the addition of the words "street address" or
"over," the highlighting of the filing deadline or "CITY OR TOWN," and
the writing of a city or town name on the forms. The Secretary can make these changes on
the form he provides to petitioners.
[14] The plaintiffs argue that the Secretary has applied a different
set of rules to the signing of candidate petitions, by not invalidating petitions with a
number on the front, top center. The plaintiffs argue that the same standards must be
applied to both types of petitions under G. L. c. 53, § 22A, and under art. 48, and argue
that the disparate application of Hurst violates their right to equal protection of the
laws under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This argument was
not raised before the single justice and the record is inadequate to decide this issue.
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